The Sumero-Akkadian Pantheons mos Important Gods

Although, the Sumero-Akkadian Pantheon was made up of almost two thousand different gods and goddesses there were six major deities known throughout Mesopotamia. These gods were each the chief deities of main cities. However, with time their influence spread throughout other cities. Most of these gods represented the major elements of nature. Following are some examples: An, deity of Uruk, was the god of the sky, Nanna, deity of Ur, was the moon god, and Ea, deity of Eridu, was god of both water and wisdom. (33) There were also some â€Å"lesser deities† who did not deal with aspects of nature, but still had a great impact on that time. One such example was Ishtar, the goddesses and queen of love and fertility who provided women with their†¦show more content†¦Among these conquering invaders were the warriors of Aryan or Indo-European and later the Dorians and their allies. Therefore, the Greek pantheon of deities was developed through a combination of gods and goddesses contributed by each invader. To illustrate, the Indo-European conquers were responsible for the creation of: Zeus, sky god, Demeter, earth mother, and Hestia, virgin goddesses. Other important Greek gods have rather unclear origins for example; Apollo possibly came from Ionia and Aphrodite from either Cyprus or Cythera. (40) 5/ The role of Zeus/Jupiter in Greece and Rome. The god of the sky was known to the Greeks as Zeus, and to the Romans as Jupiter. In Greece he was known as the great sky father he was associated with mountain tops; and therefore, acquired the title Zeus of Olympus along with other similar titles throughout Greece. Zeus’s role sometimes changed and evolved and he would even assume and take over other more mundane duties belonging to the minor gods. For example, at times he was also the god of fertility, guardian god, and deity of the underworld. Despite this he was normally known as the Cloud Compeller and the Rainmaker armed with his thunderbolt to both control the weather and punish wicked men. (41) Jupiter’s role in Rome was similar to that of Greece; however, he seems to have had a greater role in

The Financial Statement Of Nike, Inc. - 846 Words

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Gateway to heaven Tiananmen Square Essay Example For Students

Gateway to heaven Tiananmen Square Essay Gateway to heaven Tiananmen SquareGateway to heavenOuch, je je Im telling mamma! I yelled in agony, rubbing the imprint her book left on my head. No youre not, she wont believe you; Im older, snickered my sister, and with that she ran up the crowded walkway; which in the morning hour, looked much like a stampede of bulls. As I walked toward school, I listened to the distinctive chatter of my fellow civilians, smelled the exhaust fume filled air and listened to the bells and whistles of another pristine day. This was Beijing, China on another busy workday, no time to talk, money is to be made, there is always somewhere to go and some place to be. It seems that this is the ideology of all Chinese; as I looked ahead, all I can see is a sea of black hair moving from side to side, up and down, in unison, everyone trying desperately not to drown. I tread toward the edge of the curb and am taken into a world of raging machines, streetcars, bicycles, and automobiles, racing down the street carrying even more people to some important place. I see a void in the racetrack and take a chance to run across the street to school. I am in my l ast year at Mao Tse-Dung Middle School, it is full of long maintained rivalries between its top students, all of us are supposed to be the best, we are to make our families proud in any way possible and build a prosperous future; because our parents and previous ancestors worked so hard so that we could have this exclusive chance. I have always been an exceptional student, always attending the after school classes and always being at the top of my class in all the major subject categories. After the examination, when my fellow students and I had swarmed the student standings list, I always would read my name in the top three; endlessly hearing criticism from my competitors. Mei Ling, first in Maths, second in Science and first in technological studies, it is because of her guanxi!Amused, I would simply reply, Haha, my guanxi had nothing to do with my success, maybe you should all try studying; maybe one day I might have some real competition! Guanxi is something that I definitely have, my father is a senior member of the Chinese Communist Party, and he more or less can make things happen for my sister and I. Next year, because of this, she was going to study in the United States, she does not have to go through all of the unnecessary obstacles that the government makes all university students go through; somet imes living with six per dorm room. She does not have to spend 5 years slaving away at a substandard job provided by the government, whose main emphasis of which is on the working class and how much money they can make for the economy to lift China into the Modern Western World. Mei Ling, what are you doing? yelled my best pong yo I looked up in shock; I hadnt realized that I was standing in front of my locker staring at it all this time. Umm, nothing I answered in a daze. Well anyway, did you hear about Hu Yao bang?What about him? You mean, you dont know?No, just tell me!Well, he died of a heart attack today.I froze: this man was one of my sisters heros, he was an actual respectable Chinese dignitary, and he understood Chinas need for change. I stumbled and replied, Oh really? It must be all over the news, Ching Ching, I will probably hear about it later. With that, I slouched away looking like a wilted plant in the desert on a hot summer day. Class seemed to have dragged on for hours and hours, each teachers lecture droned on and on and I could not concentrate. I felt as though I were a rice farmer, counting every grain of rice I had harvested. I could only think about what my sister would do. She is the wild one of my family, the more American one. She dresses in their fashions, she talks in their ways and she even listens to their music. She is a free spirit, if anything. She has her own opinions and she chooses to voice them, she is not a normal C hinese. She disobeys nearly all of our fathers wishes, she does not seem to care that Father has the last word for everything, and everything is his decision. We, mamma, je je and I must do everything in our power to please him because this is the way it is. In all Chinese families, the father or the man is the most powerful figure, he is everything to the family; everyone else, especially females, are there to serve him, we are there to perform his wishes and to complete his commands. Women are meant to be more of a convenience than a burden. I can remember a time when je je was 15 and I was 11, Baba told her she couldnt go to a local play put on by a local drama group because one of the members was against the CCP and Baba would not have his daughter seeing such a biased made mockery of so-called artwork. On my way home back into the jungle of the streets of Beijing, the sounds I heard earlier in the day were still there to accompany me on my adventure. The signs of mourning were already apparent with store owners burning heavens bank notes and other necessities the dead may need in their afterlife, the smell of incense welcomed me as I explored the different preparations. They say that if a person is not prepared for and cared for in their burial, they will haunt the living that were supposed to take care of them. My guess is that no one wants to be haunted by Hu Yao bang, so this is why they are mourning so openly. As I continued my stroll through the somber atmosphere, I begin to notice all the different ways people mourn, the Buddhist, the Confucius, the Taoist all of them paid their respects to Hu Yao bang; I could imagine that the parades would begin soon, these mourning for Hu Yao bangs life. I recalled his background, Hu Yao bang came from a family that had a strong commitment to the CCP, he joined the Red army, and by 19 he was a full CCP member. He took apprenticeship under Deng Xiao ping, Chinas leader at that time, Hu Yao bang was one of the front contenders for the Red Armys leadership, but because of his support for the students protesting for a better educational system and increased democracy he was condemned and spent most of his latter life reading, practicing calligraphy, and taking long walks. I almost walked past my flat; it looked different today, less cheerful. We were lucky to live in a building with more class than many others; no rats, and we had wood floors instead of concrete. Walking on the path towards the gray concrete door, I remembered the night when I was in the hallway and je je was sneaking into the house from one of her study groups, she pulled me outside and made me sit with her on the large concrete steps that lead to the door. This is when she said something that I didnt know the meaning of at the time, in a hesitant matte r she said, No matter what anyone tells you, I am your je je and I will always be. I thought she was crazy, maybe the bitter cold of that February night had gotten to her, or maybe it was fumes vacating the local tannery that we stared at from across the street. This night was the first time I had noticed the sparkle in her eyes, while she lectured me on how I should not be like her. At that moment she was no longer just my sister but she was almost like a Shinto goddess to me, a higher being; she was not part of old Chinas ways as Baba said. She did not believe in our traditions, she was a girl, in China with her own political views, a complete oxymoron in these days. Je je was the perfect representation of a new democratic China, one with increased rights for all, freedom of expression and as je je would say with a grin American boys! My sister has a massive influence on my life, her kindred spirit brings color to my black and white life, I admire and love her; I sometimes feel as though I am the older sister, obligated to give her advice on whats right and wrong and being required to cover for her when she doesnt take my advice; which was usually a good part of the time. Though I can talk the world of my je je, she does have her faults, the biggest one being that she is an active member of the underground movement at Bei Da. This is her biggest secret, the one could break our family, and so it is essential for me to keep this one from my Mamma and Baba. She attends all of the democracy rallies; she listens to the crowds voice and hears the cries of her fellow classmates calling for Chinas reformation into a democratic society. The students yearn for a society in which they have a voice, an opinion and better living conditions and additional support from the government for when they are thrust into the cruel hands of the working world, a world that does not reward intelligence with better wages and praise, but spits down upon them as if they are no better th an mafia members laundering money stolen from their loved ones. Mei Ling, chin ai de, why are you sitting here wasting your time?I looked up from the front steps of the flat into my mothers tired eyes,Umm mamma, Im just thinkingAi yah, you sound like Jing Yee, just thinking about nonsense all the time, where is your je je anyway?Uhhh, she is probably still at school, her study group meets tonight. Another lie for my je je,Heh, she studies too much, always at school, never at home. Hissed mamma while she pushed past me into the house. I rose to my feet like a crane carrying cars to be crunched in a junkyard and followed her inside. Welcomed by the overwhelming scent of tiger balm probably wafting into the hallway from the local herb sorcerer, Dr. Wei. I greeted him with the usual greeting. Marlowe, Edward II, and the Cult of Elizabeth EssayI am leaving for a little while. She said CooleyWhere are you going?She paused, and looked hesitant than said I am going underground with the movement, there is going to be a protest tonight.My eyes welled up with tears, No, je je dont go, dont leave me! Its too dangerous, Baba didnt mean it! I pleaded, but she only half smiled and said, Remember what I told you, and remember why I am doing this, she walked out of my room, and out of my life. I could not sleep that night, I didnt know what my je je was talking about all; I knew that the underground movement was made of primarily of young students calling for a change in Chinas education system. Who knew what all these young adults were going to do, I didnt care, and all I wanted was for my je je to be safe. The next day I woke up in a daze, the house was calm like just after a storm. Mamma kept to her sewing while Baba went about on his way, reading his paper and drinking cha. I said nothing to them and I walked out of the flat and started on my way to school. I began to think of about a way I could contact my sister, just to keep in touch; so Id know she was okay. I contemplated which one of je jes friends would know her location for the whole day while my teachers lectured us. The talk of the school today was the students of Ren Da and Bei Da and their protest at Tiananmen Square. It was all over the news Today, at Tiananmen Square, thousands of students peacefully prot est Chinas education system and call for the reformation of Chinas government as they chant the internationale. Other stations, such as the one run by the CCP reported Today at Tiananmen square, reckless students protest Chinese officials and demand for change. Two different views, who knew what was going on, all I wanted to know was Jing Yees status, was she was alive or dead? On my way home, as I walked I passed by Mr. Lees fish market and it dawned on me, Jing Yees bai friend worked for Mr. Lee! I quickly ran inside and saw him cutting away at the fish. My nose was not use to the smell of raw fish and Jeff could tell, Smell like roses dont they Mei Ling?I smiled before I came out and said, Where is Jing Yee? She ran away from home yesterday.Jeff looked up and then looked back down, saying, Well, you know where she is dont you?I definitely knew, but wanted confirmation Is she at is she at Tiananmen?Yes, she is, and she is being so stubborn. He stopped cutting, then motioned me to the side of the counter Im so worried about her, she is hunger striking and, I have heard rumors that the government will not tolerate this protest.My heart broke, why was she doing this, I still could not understand. I touched Jeff on the shoulder Dont worry, she will be fine I am sure, can you just tell her that I love her and just keep me updated on her.I will Mei Ling, Ill tell her.After that day, I visited Jeff often at the fish market and talked about je je and how she was doing. Shes doing fine. Id always hear. Just another one of the protestors showing the officials that they could not be pushed around. On the news and in the newspapers the stories were constantly conflicting, some said that the students demands for change were too unrealistic and others said the government was listening and were going to comply with the students wishes. The only reliable source of information for me was Jeff, we went on for months and months, I started to write je je letters. She would wri te me back with information on how things were going. She said the effort was becoming larger, and more people were joining. More and more progress was being made, until the day it happened; the day of the massacre. It was June 4th 1989, 2 days after my birthday, one of Chinas darkest days in history. The Chinese Communist Party was getting fed up with the protestors. Most of them pledged allegiance to the cause for further democracy and freedom and were willing to die for it. At 9 am, a warm breeze swept through Tiananmen Square, hundreds of thousands of protestors awaited their demise, but they would not go without a fight. Deng Xiao Ping was finally fed up and ordered a full military attack on all of the protestors, the students were brutally beaten to death, shot beyond submission and were ran over by tanks. The whole world was watching as China crushed its children. It would not be until one week after the massacre that I would find out about Jing Yee. It was hot that day and t he smell of the fish was intoxicating, but I would go through anything to find out about the well being of my sister. As I walked into the store I could tell by Jeffs red swollen eyes that the outlook was not good. As my heart ruptured into pieces, my eyes began to stream out tears of anger against the government; I walked slowly to Jeff and sat down beside him on a stack of rice bags and cried and cried. I did not want to stay too long and I wanted to be alone in my state of sadness. When I left, Jeff told me, Look under Jing Yees mattress When I got home, I went straight to the kitchen and told my parents the news. Mamma went into loud bawls of agony and shed tears of love for her lost daughter. As for Baba, he kept a stiff upper lip and put on his typical Chinese father exterior, continuing to read his paper; according to him, he only had one daughter. I locked myself into my room for days crying and contemplating how I would go on with my life. One night as I slept, I remembered what Jeff had told me and I shot up out of my bed. I went to my je jes dusty side of the room. I looked under her mattress and found the book that she gave to me the day that she walked out of my life. I picked it up, it was a book of poetry and Je je had marked one in particular and left a note, I read Bye now my mei mei, I am gone and you are probably wondering why, read these and you will find the key to our countrys pain. I sat on her bed and opened up the marked poem and read itThe InternationaleArise ye workers from your slumbersArise ye prisoners of wantFor reason in revolt now thundersAnd at last ends the age of cant. Away with all your superstitionsServile masses arise, ariseWell change henceforth the old traditionAnd spurn the dust to win the prize. So comrades, come rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe Internationale unites the human race. So comrades, come rallyAnd the last fight let us faceThe Internationale unites the human race. No more deluded by reactionOn tyrants only well make warThe soldiers too will take strike actionTheyll break ranks and fight no moreAnd if those cannibals keep tryingTo sacrifice us to their prideThey soon shall hear the bullets flyingWell shoot the generals on our own side. No saviour from on high deliversNo faith have we in prince or peerOur own right hand the chains must shiverChains of hatred, greed and fearEer the thieves will out with their bootyAnd give to all a happier lot. Each at the forge must do their dutyAnd well strike while the iron is hot. I cried, this is what they were fighting for; they were fighting so that we could have a future, so that we would be able to read beautiful literature such as this and have a voice in our own destinies. Works ConsultedNixon, Bob. Tiananmen Square. British Colombia: Douglas ; McIntyre Ltd, 1989. The Internationale http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/int/internationale.html, April 2000. Tiananmen Square Facts http://kizuna.cwru.edu/asia110/projects/Qing/what.html, April 2000. Tiananmen Square Site http://www.schoolpapers.com/china2345/tsquare.html, April 2000.

Tet Offensive A Major Turning Point Essays - Vietnam War

Tet Offensive: A Major Turning Point Tet Offensive: A Major Turning Point Villagers carried coffins filled with guns and ammunition through towns, accompanying them were the sounds of fireworks and flutes. Those sounds soon turned to the sound of assault rifle fire and explosions. Flares and green tracers dart through the night sky like hundreds of fireflies; gun flashes replaced Tet fireworks, and could be seen as far as the eye could see. This major event in the Vietnam War is called the Tet Offensive. After a surprise attack in the beginning, the United States and South Vietnamese army came back to overpower the Vietcong and NVA (North Vietnamese Army) and decisively win all the battles. Even though the United States and South Vietnamese won the Tet Offensive, it was a major turning point towards ending the Vietnam War. Escalation of the war would end and withdraw would begin. The Vietcong and NVA lost the battle on the battlefield but they had won a major political battle. The American public became disillusioned with what was called a military interve ntion. Intelligence failure, Johnsons over confidence in the war, and its profound impact on American attitudes about involvement in Vietnam are three major reasons why the Tet Offensive was the turning point in ending the war. Intelligence failure was one of the main reasons why the Tet offensive happened. The allies undergo a failure of intelligence before Tet, a failure that helped plan the stages for changes in the strategies of the US. The four parts of intelligence are crucial in determining the actions of the enemy. The four tasks consist of collection of information, the analysis of the information, the decision to respond to a warning issued in the analytical stage, dissemination of the order to respond to the field commanders. The first task in intelligence is the collection of accurate information about the opponents intentions and capabilities. There are many ways to obtain the accurate information needed, which include reading a foreign press release to advanced monitoring technology. Though this may seem simple, the enemy government goes through great lengths to prevent accurate information from reaching their enemies. In the spring of 1967, General Giap, in charge of the NVA, began battles in the outlying country away from cities in an attempt to draw the US army and ARVN (Army Republic of Vietnam) away from the large cities and provincial capitals. This was so General Giap could sneak in large amount of supplies, weapons, and ammunition. A secondary plan was to have the stronger US troops deployed away from the areas he planned to attack. The second stage of intelligence is the analysis of the information gathered. From April to December of 1967, the intelligence was unable to accurately predict the coming Tet Offensive on January 30th and 31st 1968. Why wasn't the intelligence organization aware that no battles were being fought around major cities of Sigon, Hue, and Da Nang? Why didnt they see the massive amount of troop build up from the North? They even missed all the supplies being brought down from the North to stage the attacks. Almost 3,000 vehicles a month are coming down the Ho Chi Minh trail near the end of 1967. In the many months before Tet, it is hard to believe that the civilian and government of South Vietnam did not see or hear about the pending offensive. The third stage is the decision to respond to the warning issued in the analytical stage. The third stage of intelligence was not even responded to because of the failure of intelligence in the second stage. In fact, almost the opposite was true. President Lyndon Johnson and the American public were fed false information from General Westmoreland and the Joint Chiefs of Staff that we were winning the war. In fact, they were able to build the American troops strength to 500,000 troops and significantly increase military spending. At the same time they were not aware of General Giaps plan to attack the entire South Vietnam. The fourth stage of intelligence is dissemination of the order to respond to the field commanders. The realization of the pending attacks comes only days before the Tet offensive. The US military